They described the concept of intelligence warfare against terrorists, in which intelligence works closely with operators and methods such as deception, psychological warfare, and covert operations are used alongside the more commonly discussed intelligence methods of collection and analysis. But the most common callmost notably by the 9/11 Commissionhas been for greater centralization of the American intelligence community, leading to the creation of what has become the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. After you hear from the other distinguished members of this panel, former Deputy Attorney General Heymann and Professor Schulhofer, I will be happy to respond to any questions you may have. Intelligence activities, defined as including the process of data collection and knowledge analysis for decision making by the military and governmental hierarchies, are perceived as serving three . Lead From Within: Integrity is not a process or a practice, but a principle that leaders treasure when they know what . For these reasons and others, I agree, based on my experience at the Department of Justice, with the conclusion of the 9/11 Congressional Joint Inquiry Report, which observed that our ability to connect the dots about the plans and activities of al Qaeda before the attacks of September 11th was substantially inhibited by the lack of communication and collaboration between intelligence agencies and law-enforcement agencies. Intelligence information either leads to the successful achievement of an organization's aims, or is the catalyst for the failure of the achievement of such aims, which is the proper reason and criteria for determining what connotes an intelligence success or failure. Intelligence is all about finding. Several articles note that the effort to gather intelligence on terrorist groups presents particular difficulties for democracies. House. Commentators such as Marrin (2003) note that homeland security intelligence requires new and greater forms of oversight, like those that emerged from the class-action lawsuit against NYPDs intelligence service during the 1970s, which resulted in the so-called Handschu agreement limiting intelligence collection by that local agency. Among the most useful sources on the intelligence effort that led to the killing of bin Laden are Bergen (2012), Schmitt and Shanker (2011), and Mudd (2013). But today intelligence agencies are finding it much more difficult to solve mysteries: What is the continuing nature of the threat from al-Qaeda? Find forums and social media feeds that attract your customer persona and use the Symanto Insights . This early work contains strikingly similar issues and arguments that have appeared continuously since. ), Espionage: Past, Present, Future? In particular, it is important to note that no court has found any abuse of civil liberties to date in relation to the implementation of PATRIOT Act. I am proud of the departments record of prosecuting the war against terrorism while, at the same time, safeguarding individual liberty. Intelligence and National Security. These restrictions imposed by the FISC severely hampered valuable information sharing and coordination between intelligence officials and law enforcement officials, and were thankfully overturned when the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review approved the departments guidelines in full on November 18, 2002. Cyber caused major changes within the intelligence process, especially in gathering information. Lonson: Routledge. But more research is needed into the broader theoretical similarities and differences between the problem of surprise attack from terrorism today, and into the challenges posed for intelligence by conventional attack or by other types of surprises. Many thanks! The Senate has already passed legislation allowing for the surveillance under FISA of lone-wolf terrorists, and I hope that this proposal is swiftly enacted into law. This then enables you to make better data-driven decisions within your business. Simply put, section 218 is critical to the federal governments ability to conduct the coordinated, integrated campaign necessary to win the war against terrorism. From my perspective, this disparity does not make sense. See, Hear, Sniff: How Airborne Spies Collect Intel, Too Much Information: Ineffective Intelligence Collection, What Does Collection Mean? Date written: May 2013, All content on the website (with the exception of images) is published under the following Creative Commons License, Copyright E-International Relations. Nomikos (2005), Norell (2007), and Den Boer (2015) focus on European intelligence cooperation. The more information you are able to gather during this phase, the more vectors of attack you may be able to use in the future. In one case, for example, a Hezbollah supporter was charged with providing material support to a terrorist organization, and after being released on bail, fled the country and now lives in Beirut as a fugitive. Even though, the global War on Terror was declared and defined in Washington, other countries still have not surrendered their own intelligence systems for the safeguarding of internal security. The CIA critics school argues there was not enough intelligence to have anticipated and prevented the attacks. Academics, policy experts, and intelligence professionals have produced numerous articles and papers examining the current challenges presented for intelligence by terrorism, and on many issues there is broad agreement in the literature. Rather, a presumption exists that defendants charged with those crimes should be held until trial, and defendants are able to rebut that presumption by convincing a judge that they neither constitute a flight risk nor are a danger to the community. Intelligence is an important tool used to protect individuals and organisations. Also, the prospect of collective international action can rest heavily upon US readiness to provide political and/or material assistance (cases of Kosovo, Rwanda and Sudan). Zegart argues that, years after 9/11, the intelligence community remains disorganized, lacks central direction, and duplicates much of its efforts. Some have examined the use of intelligence in countering particular types of terrorist threats, such as nuclear (Zenko, 2006; Mowatt-Larssen, 2009), biological (Enemark, 2006), chemical (Pita, 2007), or cyber terrorism (Gosler, 2005; Rudner, 2013; Wirtz, 2014). Most intelligence effort since 9/11 has been put into the investigation and prevention of terrorist attacks. Having multiple sources also helps eliminate guessing and "gut feeling" assumptions based. Ranstorp comments, Few academic studies successfully connect the terrorism and intelligence studies fields as it demands mastery of two relatively inaccessible information and analytical domains (Ranstorp, 2007, p. 16). Security Intelligence aids both regulatory and internal policy . 02-55082 (9th Cir. Nonetheless, the attacks on 9/11 have been widely seen as an intelligence failure unmatched by any in American history since Pearl Harbor. In particular, section 218 of the PATRIOT Act allows information obtained by intelligence officials pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) to be shared more readily with law enforcement officials. As an example of the limits of the literature, more than sixteen years after 9/11, there has been surprisingly little in-depth, empirical work produced on the intelligence aspects of those attacks. It helps them to earn an extra advantage over others. And finally, the attorney general directed every U.S. attorney to develop a plan to monitor terrorism and intelligence investigations, and to ensure that information about terrorist threats was shared with other agencies and criminal charges were considered. Identifying the significance of Human Intelligence in the post 9/11 environment will aim to renew confidence in the effectiveness of the HUMINT enterprise and its reliability for being a premier intelligence asset in combating transnational threats. It acts as a business process in which agencies implement policies and practices. To me, there are three implications of the importance of intelligence. PIJ is alleged to be one of the worlds most violent terrorist outfits, responsible for murdering over 100 innocent people, including Alisa Flatow, a young American killed in a bus bombing near the Israeli settlement of Kfar Darom. . Derek S. Reveron (2006) points out that, in the United States since 9/11, most of the discussion about intelligence sharing has focused inwardon improving information sharing within the U.S. intelligence community. But writers in this school are often gloomy about the prospect for change in American intelligence, largely because they do not believe the CIA will be able or willing to make the changes needed. Since 9/11, due to perceived terrorist threats, even more attention has been given to this development by the convergence of security, police and military intelligence. This school of thought, which may be called the intelligence reformist school, is expressed most prominently in the 9/11 Commission Report (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, 2004) and in the work of scholars such as Amy Zegart (e.g., Zegart, 2007a, 2007c). In closing, I thank you again for giving me the opportunity to share my thoughts with you today. For instance, Jeffrey Battle, a member of the terrorist cell in Portland, Oregon, complained after his arrest in 2002 that people were scared to provide him with help, such as buying him airplane tickets, because such activities could land those individuals in jail. In addition, coordination between intelligence and law enforcement is not easy, in large part because the cultures of the two communities are very different and because of real and perceived legal separations between domestic and international intelligence activities (Treverton, 2003; Waxman, 2009). This article focuses primarily on how intelligence scholars and practitioners have viewed the challenges terrorism presents for intelligence organizations, and on how those experts believe intelligence agencies can best respond to the challenge. Their conclusions often sound as if they could have been written much more recently: although good intelligence is a key factor in countering terrorism, it is very difficult to obtain, and policy makers should not expect to receive perfect intelligence on terrorist threats. Without an adequately severe threat, a risk of being abandoned arises for the agencies themselves, as they become less needed. Under current law, defendants who are charged with certain federal crimes are presumptively denied bail. The intelligence failures surrounding the emergence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and the rash of ISIL and AQ-inspired terrorist attacks throughout Europe and North America, have driven the point home. Commanders need every available scrap of information that can be used for mission accomplishment. And section 905 of the PATRIOT Act requires that the attorney general, subject to certain exceptions, disclose to the director of central intelligence foreign intelligence acquired by the Department of Justice in the course of a criminal investigation. Without section 218, our ability to prevent future terrorist attacks by connecting the dots could be seriously compromised. Why is threat intelligence important? What Is the Root Cause of the Problem for Intelligence? There are a few different types of market intelligence, including customer intelligence, competitive . Since the attacks of September 11th, for example, the department has brought material support charges against members of sleeper terrorist cells in Lackawanna, New York, and Portland, Oregon, and obtained guilty pleas or convictions in those cases. But only an intelligence officer, only an intelligence service, can provide real insight into Irans nuclear warhead weaponisation work; the status of North Koreas long-range missile program; and the plans, intentions, and capabilities of terrorist groups to attack us in our homelands. Dissertation, Rochester Institute of Technology. The Difficulties and Dilemmas of International Intelligence Cooperation. Some agencies do indeed carry out covert action, which confuses the ethical issues, but this a separable and subsidiary function" (Herman, 2004, p. 180). While I oppose the proposal to create a separate domestic intelligence agency, many have offered other meritorious ideas that, if adopted, would aid the federal governments prosecution of the war against terrorism. Ideally, the best intelligence is precisely that information that provides U.S. policymakers with the leverage to achieve U.S. objectives in international affairs without the commitment of U.S. forces. Vol. However, could it be said that the modern transformation of intelligence by the application of highly sophisticated surveillance and information technology has overshadowed the fact that, at its core, it remains an intellectual process? The three schools of thought offer strikingly different prescriptions for the future of intelligence. Naturally, a question that arises is whether the extensive spending on intelligence has actually made a difference. Scholars in the orthodox camp tend to be the most cautious about calls for major reform, and they argue that dramatic change is neither needed nor helpful. Considerably less work has been done on the many other agencies that make up U.S. intelligence. Pursue critical whistleblower reforms Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, A RAND Analysis Tool for Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, Imagery/Geospatial Intelligence (IMINT/GEOINT), Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT), FBI-- Intelligence Collection Disciplines (INTs), Challenges of Multi-Source Data and Information New Era, Framework for Optimizing Intelligence Collection Requirements, Intelligence Collection versus Investigation, Multiple Intelligence Disciplines Form a Clearer Picture, The Protect America Act of 2007: A Framework for Improving Intelligence Collection in the War on Terror, Rethinking Five Eyes Security Intelligence Collection Policies and Practice Post Snowden, A Review of Security and Privacy Concerns in Digital Intelligence Collection, The Role of Information in Identifying, Investing, and Monitoring Crises. In practice, however, this role involves numerous complexities. Harvard International Review, 18 Aug 2019. The role of intelligence in determining outcomes of battles and wars has varied dramatically across conflicts and time, contributing to wide differences in judgments about the importance . Before the attacks of September 11th, many provisions of federal law had been interpreted to limit sharply the ability of intelligence investigators to communicate with federal law enforcement officials as well as the ability of federal law-enforcement officers to share terrorism-related information with members of the intelligence community. amount, in any currency, is appreciated. But for the most part, scholars were pessimistic about the future, warning about the growing challenge for intelligence from threats such as nuclear terrorism (Beres, 1997; Badey, 2001) and terrorists using weapons of mass destruction more broadly (Marlo, 1999). If we presume that drug dealers are too dangerous to be released on bail, then we should presume the same about terrorists. Why is intelligence important for a leader? Bruce Berkowitz argues that intelligence for homeland security requires a type of tradecraft very different from the old CIA model in which the government secretly collected highly sensitive information from hostile countries and unsavory characters. Intelligence agencies attempt to identify efforts by other countries to build or acquire such weapons and/or their delivery systems where they violate international law or threaten U.S. interests. A World of Secrets: The Uses and Limits of Intelligence. Jenkins (2006b, 2006c) points out that such scenarios can take on a life of their own, appearing to produce inevitable and unstoppable threats that may not really exist. Local police departments may be the first to detect indications of an active terrorist cell, as has been the case several times since 9/11 in cities such as New York (the Herald Square plot in 2004 among others), and hospitals may find themselves on the front lines of a biological attack, as they were during the stateside Ebola scare of 2014. First, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act should be amended to authorize investigations of unaffiliated foreign individuals who engage in international terrorism. It is important to remember that intelligence lessons learned in the Cold War can be and should be used in other areas where the risk for conflict is high. Why Intelligence Teams Are . Their authors discuss the need for oversight of intelligence activities and the difficult question of where the balance should be struck between protecting civil liberties and ensuring public safety (e.g., Cooper, 1978; Robertson, 1987; Taylor, 1987). Threat intelligence is a part of a bigger security intelligence strategy. Such walls would increase the risk that critical information would not be shared with law enforcement officials in a timely manner and reverse the integration of intelligence efforts and law enforcement efforts that has proven so successful since September 11th. If our intelligence services were for-profit enterprises, investors would want to make long-term investments in them. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Frederick P. Hitz (2005) writes that recruiting agents (spies) is harder today than it used to be: In the war on terrorism, the spies will surely be harder to get at than during the Cold War. To impose this presumptive pretrial detention in terrorism cases, legislation is currently pending in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The first step in disrupting terrorist plots and preventing terrorist attacks is obtaining information about the operations of terrorist groups and the activities of individual terrorists, both inside and outside of our nations borders. Nature of intelligence Levels of intelligence. in L. K. Johnson (Ed. Ian Lesser, for example, argued (Lesser et al., 1999) that the increasing reliance by terrorists on modern information technology would introduce new possibilities for monitoring and surveillance. (A notable exception to this gap is Marrin [2004].). Business is that good. Historically, intelligence has been subject to a particular group of insiders, and there is no denying that much intelligence work must take place in secret if it is to be of value. I hope these bills are swiftly enacted into law. Bundy, William P. CIA Historical Review Program, 18 Sept 1995. Most of the major edited volumes published in recent years have few, if any, articles focused on terrorism. Market intelligence can be used to help businesses make more informed decisions about their marketing and sales strategies. The list of offenses triggering this presumption currently includes certain drug crimes carrying maximum prison terms of 10 years or more, but it does not include most terrorism crimes. 11, iss. With the advent and development of technology, this changed. Besides, regardless of the large financial resources, the worlds most high-profile intelligence agency, the CIA, has failed to foresee the coming of important events and major calamities: building of the Berlin Wall, fall of the Soviet Union, 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait or the 2003 unsuccessful Western invasion of Iraq. Therefore, the costs of failure can be very high, whether it is in the sense that intelligence does not provide adequate forewarning of some surprise attack, as on 9/11 or 7/7, warns us of a threat that does not actually exist, as in the case of Iraqs WMD, or threatens the integrity of the political process (Lefebvre, 2003). Intelligence Gathering is performing reconnaissance against a target to gather as much information as possible to be utilized when penetrating the target during the vulnerability assessment and exploitation phases. Vol. One advantage of OSINT is its accessibility, although the sheer amount of available information can make it difficult to know what is of value. Some analysts minimize the importance of intelligence while others argue it is essential. Increased domestic intelligence collection presents the opportunity for abuses and violations of civil liberties, as occurred in the 1960s and 1970s with, for example, the FBIs excesses during the COINTELPRO operations. The failure was not primarily one of analysis or of an inability to share information that was already in the system. In addition, several important intelligence-related topics are discussed elsewhere in the Encyclopedia, so they are not covered in detail here: intelligence reform and oversight, the debate over how to balance liberty and security in domestic intelligence, the ethics of intelligence work, the continually expanding role of drones in intelligence and counterterrorism, the high profile intelligence leaks by Bradley (now Chelsea) Manning and Edward Snowden, and the use of interrogation and torture. Customer intelligence, competitive strikingly similar issues and arguments that have appeared continuously since of a bigger security intelligence.... 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